I never have everything I need on hand, so when cooking and baking I use a lot of substitutes. Here is a list of common substitutes. Print it off and keep it handy in the kitchen:
1 tablespoon baking powder = 1/4 teaspoon baking soda + 5/8 teaspoon cream of tartar
1 cup sugar = 1 3/4 cups icing sugar (powdered sugar)
1 ounce baking chocolate = 3 tablespoons cocoa + 1 tablespoon melted butter
1 tablespoon cornstarch = 2 tablespoons flour (for thickening only)
1 cup corn syrup = 1 1/4 cups sugar + 1/4 cup water. Boil to dissolve sugar.
1 cup honey = 1 1/4 cups sugar + 1/3 cup liquid (ex. milk if used in recipe). Boil to dissolve sugar.
1 cup whole milk = 1 cup skim milk + 2 tablespoons melted butter
1 cup sour cream = 3/4 cup plain whole yogurt plus 1/3 cup melted butter
1 cup buttermilk or yogurt = 1 cup milk + 1 tablespoon lemon juice or vinegar (let sit 5 minutes)
1 cup butter = 7/8 cup vegetable oil or 1 cup shortening
1 cup mayo = 1 cup whole sour cream or yogurt
1 teaspoon lemon juice = 1/2 teaspoon vinegar
1 small onion = 1/2 tablespoon onion powder
1 clove garlic = 1/2 teaspoon of garlic salt or 1/8 teaspoon of garlic powder
1 cup ketchup = 1 cup tomato sauce + 4 tablespoons sugar + 2 tablespoons vinegar
1 jalapeno pepper = 1/4 teaspoon red pepper flakes
1 cup broth = 1 bouillon cube
1 tablespoon fresh herbs = 1 teaspoon dried herbs
1 cup fresh berries = 8 ounces frozen berries
1 cup red wine = 1 cup grape or cranberry juice + 1 tablespoon vinegar
Ricotta cheese = cottage cheese
Adapted from Real Simple Solutions by Amanda Hinnant
